Christmas Roots and the Mystery of God
Date published: December 22, 2016
The University of Dallas, in its dedication to both the Western heritage of liberal
arts and the Christian intellectual tradition has much to celebrate with the advent
of the Christmas season. Both the Western and Christian intellectual traditions have
greatly shaped this season which we celebrate this month: the Christmas season.
The customs and traditions which surround our Christian feast in celebration of the
birth of Jesus Christ are drawn from many sources throughout history, be they pagan,
classical, Christian, or otherwise.
The traditions, celebrations, and images associated with Christmas are many; among
the most iconic are the practice of gift-giving, the figure of Saint Nicholas, and
the display of a nativity scene. First and foremost, however, is the date: December
25.
Classics professor Paolo Asso, Ph.D., explained that an important festival in Ancient
Rome took place in late December and was a precursor to Christmas celebrations. This
festival, Saturnalia, shares two important parallels with the Christian celebration
that we know today: the time of year and the tradition of gift-giving.
“The scholarly consensus is that gift giving originates from a custom associated with
the festival of the Saturnalia in the ancient Roman world” Asso said. “Between December
17 and 23, the ancient Romans celebrated a harvest festival in honor of Saturn, the
Roman god of agriculture.”
Incidentally, Affiliate Assistant Professor of theology Fr. Thomas Esposito, O. Cist.,
noted that the Romans celebrated December 25 as the birthday of the sun god “Sol invictus”
or “unconquerable sun.”
“The symbolism of the sun triumphing over darkness is very much incorporated into
the Church’s celebration of Christmas,” Esposito said. “In the Vatican necropolis,
a room contains a 2nd century mosaic which appears to depict Christ as Apollo driving his sun-chariot.
Another hypothesis is that Jesus is depicted as the Sol Invictus!”
Saturn and Sol invictus aside, Asso explained the timing of our Christmas celebrations
with Biblical evidence.
“Since Catholic doctrine indicates that Jesus was incarnated on March 25, eight days
before the Kalends of April, he must have been born nine months later on Dec 25,”
Asso said. “The time of his birth was ‘corrected’ into the time of his conception,
synchronizing his birth with the harvest festival.”
However, regardless of the date, Christians did not begin to celebrate Christmas until
about the fourth century. Incidentally, one of the strongest modern images of Christianity
lived during this time period: St. Nicholas.
Esposito mentioned that St. Nicholas helped to solidify the gift-giving tradition
— which the Romans so valued during Saturnalia — within a Christian context.
“The tradition of gift-giving still lingers in our understanding of Santa Claus, which
is a condensed and English-ized version of ‘Saint Nikolaus,’” Esposito said. “Various
legends are associated with him, but the most beloved one is that he threw three bags
of money through a window to allow three daughters of a poor man to have a wedding
dowry rather than fall into prostitution.”
The figure of Saint Nicholas has become both a spiritual and secular image of Christmas
— and is also familiar at the University of Dallas. Professor of History Thomas Jodziewicz,
Ph.D., for example, has proudly served as “Santa” for UD Christmas parties for over
25 years.
Another tradition that is cherished at UD is that of the nativity. The wooden figures
that grace the lawn in front of the Church of the Incarnation remind us not only of
Christ’s birth, but also of one of the most influential saints in Medieval Europe.
As Esposito explained, the idea of a nativity dates back to 1223 AD, when St. Francis
of Assisi constructed a nativity scene with animals and a manger for the Italian town
of Greccio.
“The animal lover in him perhaps wanted to express the idea that all of nature has
been awaiting its God, and they adore Him at His birth,” Esposito explained.
Jodziewicz described the nativity scene as one of his favorite Christmas images which
enriches the season of Advent in preparation for Christmas.
“I enjoy the ‘tension’ of anticipation as the great day comes closer and closer and
the wonderful context of the Advent season for a renewal of prayer and a sacramental
life,” Jodziewicz said.
Though the nativity is unquestionably of Christian origin, Esposito noted that there
is “ample evidence” to suspect that Christians indeed adapted some pagan religious
traditions — such as those of Saturnalia — that we now recognize as belonging to the
Christmas season.
“You would have further evidence of Christianity ‘baptizing’ whatever is true or valid
or helpful in those pagan traditions and can lead to God,” Esposito noted. “This is
the idea behind Justin Martyr’s ‘seeds of the Word’ teaching — many philosophers before
Christ had partial insights into the truth about God, and the Incarnation of Christ
brought the fullness of truth and insight into the mystery of God.”
